MySQl数据库必须知道的sql语句

这一篇属于加强版，问题和sql语句如下。

创建users表，设置id,name,gender,sal字段，其中id为主键

drop table if exists users; 
create table if not exists users( 
  id int(5) primary key auto_increment, 
  name varchar(10) unique not null,   
  gender varchar(1) not null, 
  sal int(5) not null 
); 
insert into users(name,gender,sal) values('AA','男',1000); 
insert into users(name,gender,sal) values('BB','女',1200);

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一对一：AA的身份号是多少

drop table if exists users; 
create table if not exists users( 
  id int(5) primary key auto_increment, 
  name varchar(10) unique not null,   
  gender varchar(1) not null, 
  sal int(5) not null 
); 
insert into users(name,gender,sal) values('AA','男',1000); 
insert into users(name,gender,sal) values('BB','女',1200); 
drop table if exists cards; 
create table if not exists cards( 
  id int(5) primary key auto_increment, 
  num int(3) not null unique, 
  loc varchar(10) not null, 
  uid int(5) not null unique, 
  constraint uid_fk foreign key(uid) references users(id) 
); 
insert into cards(num,loc,uid) values(111,'北京',1); 
insert into cards(num,loc,uid) values(222,'上海',2);

【注：inner join表示内连接】

select u.name "姓名",c.num "身份证号" 
from users u inner join cards c 
on u.id = c.uid 
where u.name = 'AA'; 
-- 
select u.name "姓名",c.num "身份证号" 
from users u inner join cards c 
on u.id = c.uid 
where name = 'AA';

---------------------------------------------

一对多：查询"开发部"有哪些员工

创建groups表

drop table if exists groups; 
create table if not exists groups( 
  id int(5) primary key auto_increment, 
  name varchar(10) not null 
); 
insert into groups(name) values('开发部'); 
insert into groups(name) values('销售部');

创建emps表

drop table if exists emps; 
create table if not exists emps( 
  id int(5) primary key auto_increment, 
  name varchar(10) not null, 
  gid int(5) not null, 
  constraint gid_fk foreign key(gid) references groups(id) 
); 
insert into emps(name,gid) values('哈哈',1); 
insert into emps(name,gid) values('呵呵',1); 
insert into emps(name,gid) values('嘻嘻',2); 
insert into emps(name,gid) values('笨笨',2);

查询"开发部"有哪些员工

select g.name "部门",e.name "员工" 
from groups g inner join emps e 
on g.id = e.gid 
where g.name = '开发部'; 
-- 
select g.name "部门",e.name "员工" 
from groups g inner join emps e 
on g.id = e.gid 
where g.name = '开发部';

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多对多：查询"赵"教过哪些学生

创建students表

drop table if exists students; 
create table if not exists students( 
  id int(5) primary key auto_increment, 
  name varchar(10) not null 
); 
insert into students(name) values('哈哈'); 
insert into students(name) values('嘻嘻');

创建teachers表

drop table if exists teachers; 
create table if not exists teachers( 
  id int(5) primary key auto_increment, 
  name varchar(10) not null 
); 
insert into teachers(name) values('赵'); 
insert into teachers(name) values('刘');

创建middles表 primary key(sid,tid) 表示联合主键，这两个字段的整体要唯一

drop table if exists middles; 
create table if not exists middles( 
  sid int(5), 
  constraint sid_fk foreign key(sid) references students(id), 
  tid int(5), 
  constraint tid_fk foreign key(tid) references teachers(id), 
  primary key(sid,tid)  
); 
insert into middles(sid,tid) values(1,1); 
insert into middles(sid,tid) values(1,2); 
insert into middles(sid,tid) values(2,1); 
insert into middles(sid,tid) values(2,2);

查询"赵"教过哪些学生

select t.name "老师",s.name "学生" 
from students s inner join middles m inner join teachers t 
on (s.id=m.sid) and (m.tid=t.id) 
where t.name = '赵'; 
-- 
select t.name "老师",s.name "学生" 
from students s inner join middles m inner join teachers t  
on (s.id=m.sid) and (t.id=m.tid) 
where t.name = "赵";

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将5000元（含）以上的员工标识为"高薪"，否则标识为"起薪"

将薪水为NULL的员工标识为"无薪"

将5000元（含）以上的员工标识为"高薪"，否则标识为"起薪"

将7000元的员工标识为"高薪",6000元的员工标识为"中薪",5000元则标识为"起薪",否则标识为"试用薪"

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内连接（等值连接）：查询客户姓名，订单编号，订单价格

【注：customers c inner join orders o使用了别名，以后o就代表orders】

select c.name "客户姓名",o.isbn "订单编号",o.price "订单价格" 
from customers c inner join orders o 
on c.id = o.customers_id; 
-- 
select c.name "客户姓名",o.isbn "订单编号",o.price "订单价格" 
from customers c inner join orsers o 
on c.id = o.customers_id;

on+两张表连接的条件.一张表的主键，一张表的外键

内连接：只能查询出二张表中根据连接条件都存在的记录，有点类似于数学中交集

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外连接：按客户分组，查询每个客户的姓名和订单数

外连接：既可以根据连接条件查询出二张表中都存在的记录，也能根据一方，强行将另一方就算不满兄条件的记录也能查询出来

外连接可以细分为：

<左外连接 : 以左侧为参照，left outer join表示 
select c.name,count(o.isbn) 
from customers c left outer join orders o 
on c.id = o.customers_id 
group by c.name; 
-- 
>右外连接 : 以右侧为参照，right outer join表示 
select c.name,count(o.isbn) 
from orders o right outer join customers c 
on c.id = o.customers_id 
group by c.name;

left outer join表示左边的内容都会显现出来，例如customers c left out join 表示会把customers中的某列所有内容都找出来

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自连接：求出AA的老板是EE。把自己想象成两张表。左右各一张

select users.ename,bosss.ename 
from emps users inner join emps bosss 
on users.mgr = bosss.empno; 
select users.ename,bosss.ename 
from emps users left outer join emps bosss 
on users.mgr = bosss.empno;

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演示MySQL中的函数（查询手册）

日期时间函数：

select addtime('2016-8-7 23:23:23','1:1:1');  时间相加 
select current_date(); 
select current_time(); 
select now(); 
select year( now() ); 
s