什么是JDBC
JDBC(Java Database Connectivity),即Java数据库连接,是一种用于执行SQL语句的Java API,可以为多种关系数据库提供同一访问,它由一组用Java语言编写的类和接口组成。JDBC提供了一种基准,根据这种基准可以构建更高级的工具和接口,使数据库开发人员能够编写数据库应用程序。总而言之,JDBC做了三件事:
1、与数据库建立连接
2、发送操作数据库的语句
3、处理结果
JDBC简单示例
下面的代码演示了如何利用JDBC从数据库中查询若干条符合要求的数据出来,使用的数据库是MySql。
1、建立一个数据库和一张表,我的习惯是在CLASSPATH底下建立一个.sql的文件用于存放sql语句
create database school; use school; create table student ( studentId int primary key auto_increment not null, studentName varchar(10) not null, studentAge int, studentPhone varchar(15) ) insert into student values(null,'Betty', '20', '00000000'); insert into student values(null,'Jerry', '18', '11111111'); insert into student values(null,'Betty', '21', '22222222'); insert into student values(null,'Steve', '27', '33333333'); insert into student values(null,'James', '22', '44444444'); commit;</div>
2、建立一个.properties文件用于存储MySql连接的几个属性。为什么要建立.properties而不在代码里面写死,由于这个并不是Java设计模式的分类,就不细讲了,只需要记住:从设计的角度看,把内容写在配置文件中永远好过把内容写死在代码中。
mysqlpackage=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver mysqlurl=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/school?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8 mysqlname=root mysqlpassword=root</div>
3、根据表字段建立实体类
public class Student { private int studentId; private String studentName; private int studentAge; private String studentPhone; public Student(int studentId, String studentName, int studentAge, String studentPhone) { this.studentId = studentId; this.studentName = studentName; this.studentAge = studentAge; this.studentPhone = studentPhone; } public int getStudentId() { return studentId; } public String getStudentName() { return studentName; } public int getStudentAge() { return studentAge; } public String getStudentPhone() { return studentPhone; } public String toString() { return "studentId = " + studentId + ", studentName = " + studentName + ", studentAge = " + studentAge + ", studentPhone = " + studentPhone; } }</div>
4、写一个DBConnection类专门用于向外提供数据库连接。我这里用了MySql,所以只有一个mysqlConnection,如果还用到了Oracle,当然还可以向外提供一个oracleConnection。把这些连接设为全局的可能有人会想是否会有线程安全问题,这是一个很好的问题。那因为我们只从Connection里面读取一个PreparedStatement出来,而不会去写它,只读不修改,是不会引发线程安全问题的。另外把Connection设置为static的保证了Connection在内存中只有一份,不会占多大资源,每次使用完不调用close()方法去关闭它也没事。
public class DBConnection { private static Properties properties = new Properties(); static { /** 要从CLASSPATH下取.properties文件,因此要加"/" */ InputStream is = DBConnection.class.getResourceAsStream("/db.properties"); try { properties.load(is); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } /** 这个mysqlConnection只是为了用来从里面读一个PreparedStatement,不会往里面写数据,因此没有线程安全问题,可以作为一个全局变量 */ public static Connection mysqlConnection = getConnection(); public static Connection getConnection() { Connection con = null; try { Class.forName((String)properties.getProperty("mysqlpackage")); con = DriverManager.getConnection((String)properties.getProperty("mysqlurl"), (String)properties.getProperty("mysqlname"), (String)properties.getProperty("mysqlpassword")); } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return con; } }</div>
5、建立一个工具类,用来写各种方法,专门和数据库进行交互。这种工具类最好搞成单例的,这样就不用每次去new出来了(实际上new出来也没看出来会有什么好处),节省资源
package com.xrq.test11; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.PreparedStatement; import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; public class StudentManager { private static StudentManager instance = new StudentManager(); private StudentManager() { } public static StudentManager getInstance() { return instance; } public List<Student> querySomeStudents(String studentName) throws Exception { List<Student> studentList = new ArrayList<Student>(); Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection; PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement("select * from student where studentName = ?"); ps.setString(1, studentName); ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery(); Student student = null; while (rs.next()) { student = new Student(rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2), rs.getInt(3), rs.getString(4)); studentList.add(student); } ps.close(); rs.close(); return studentList; } }</div>
6、写个main函数去调用一下
List<Student> studentList = new ArrayList<Student>(); studentList = StudentManager.getInstance().querySomeStudents("Betty"); for (Student student : studentList) System.out.println(student);</div>
7、看一下运行结果,和数据库里面的一样,成功
studentId = 1, studentName = Betty, studentAge = 20, studentPhone = 00000000 studentId = 3, studentName = Betty, studentAge = 21, studentPhone = 22222222</div>
为什么要使用占位符"?"
看一下第5点,大家一定注意到了,写sql语句的时候用了"?"占位符,当然有美化代码的因素,不用占位符就要在括号里写"+"来拼接参数,如果要拼接的参数一多,代码肯定不好看,可读性不强。但是除了这个原因,还有另外一个重要的原因,就是避免一个安全问题。假设我们不用占位符写sql语句,那"querySomeStudents(String name) throws Exception"方法就要这么写:
public List<Student> querySomeStudents(String studentName) throws Exception { List<Student> studentList = new ArrayList<Student>(); Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection; PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement("select * from student where studentName = '" + studentName + "'"); ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery(); Student student = null; while (rs.next()) { student = new Student(rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2), rs.getInt(3), rs.getString(4)); studentList.add(student); } ps.close(); rs.close(); return studentList; }</div>
上面的main函数一样可以获取到两条数据,但是问题来了,如果我这么调用呢:
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { List<Student> studentList = new ArrayList<Student>(); studentList = StudentManager.getInstance().querySomeStudents("' or '1' = '1"); for (Student student : studentList) System.out.println(student); }</div>